Name: China Factory Supply High Quality Thiamine Chloride (Vitamin B1) CAS 59-43-8
Brand: Wuhan Fortuna Chemical Co., Ltd.

Specifications of Thiamine Chloride (Vitamin B1) CAS 59-43-8

Item	Specifications	Results
Appearance	White or almost white crystalline powder	White crystalline powder
Heavy Metal	≤20ppm	Conform
PH	2.7 – 3.3	3.0
Residue on ignition	≤0.1%	0.05%
Sulphates	≤300ppm	0.08%
Water	≤5.0%	2.1%
Assay	98.5% - 101.0%	99.6%

Parameters of Thiamine Chloride (Vitamin B1) CAS 59-43-8

Product parameters
Cas number:	59-43-8
Appearance:	White or almost white crystalline powder
Purity:	98.5% - 101.0%
Package details:	25kg/drum
Brand:	Fortunachem

Thiamine Chloride is the most common and stable salt form of Thiamine, which is also known as Vitamin B₁. It is a water-soluble vitamin essential for human health, functioning as a critical coenzyme in cellular energy production.

1. Chemical Identity

IUPAC Name: 3-[(4-Amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium chloride
Other Chemical Names: Thiamine hydrochloride, Aneurine hydrochloride
Molecular Formula: C₁₂H₁₇N₄OS⁺Cl⁻
CAS Number: 67-03-8

2. Chemical Structure and Key Features

The structure of Thiamine Chloride is unique and consists of two linked heterocyclic rings:

Aminopyrimidine Ring: A six-membered ring containing nitrogen atoms (a pyrimidine). This ring has an amino group (-NH₂) which is crucial for its biochemical activity.
Thiazolium Ring: A five-membered ring containing both nitrogen and sulfur. This is the chemically "active" part of the molecule.

The thiazolium ring is positively charged (quaternary ammonium salt). The chloride ion (Cl⁻) is the counterion that neutralizes this positive charge in the salt form.
The hydrogen on the carbon between the nitrogen and sulfur in the thiazolium ring is relatively acidic, which is vital for the vitamin's coenzyme function.

The "Chloride" Part:

Thiamine itself is unstable and hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air). By forming the hydrochloride salt, the molecule becomes a stable, crystalline solid that is suitable for storage, pharmaceutical formulation, and food fortification.
The chloride ion (Cl⁻) improves its water solubility, which is essential for a vitamin that must be absorbed in the watery environment of the digestive tract and transported in the blood.

3. Chemical Properties

Appearance: Small white crystals or a crystalline powder.
Odor: A characteristic, strong yeast-like or nut-like odor.
Solubility: Very soluble in water, freely soluble in glycerol, and slightly soluble in alcohol. It is insoluble in non-polar organic solvents like ether or benzene.
Stability: It is relatively stable in acidic conditions (pH <5) but rapidly breaks down in neutral or alkaline solutions. Heat can also degrade it, which is why some cooking methods can destroy thiamine in food.

4. Biochemical Role and Mechanism of Action

Thiamine Chloride itself is not the active form. Inside the body, it is rapidly converted into its active coenzyme form, Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP), also known as Thiamine Diphosphate.

TPP acts as a coenzyme for several key enzymes:

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase: Converts pyruvate (from glycolysis) into Acetyl-CoA, which is the entry point into the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) for aerobic energy production.
Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase: A key enzyme within the Krebs Cycle.
Transketolase: A critical enzyme in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway, which generates pentose sugars for nucleic acid synthesis and produces NADPH for lipid synthesis and antioxidant defense.

Mechanism: The key to TPP's function is the reactive carbon (C2) of the thiazolium ring. It can easily form a "ylide" (a carbanion) that acts as an electron sink, facilitating the decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids (like pyruvate).

5. Major Uses and Importance

Treatment of Deficiency: Prevents and treats beriberi (a disease characterized by neurological and cardiovascular problems) and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (often associated with chronic alcoholism).
Metabolic Disorders: Used in certain inherited metabolic diseases like Maple Syrup Urine Disease.
Food Fortification: Added to white flour, bread, rice, and other staple foods in many countries to prevent widespread deficiency.
Cofactor in Cell Culture: Used in laboratory media for growing cells.
Dietary Supplement: Found in multivitamins and B-complex supplements.

In conclusion, Thiamine Chloride is the stable, water-soluble hydrochloride salt of Vitamin B₁. Its specific chemical structure, particularly the positively charged thiazolium ring, allows it to be transformed into the essential coenzyme Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP), which is a cornerstone of central carbohydrate and energy metabolism.